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Numerous other Scientologist-run organizations and organizations belong to the umbrella company World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE), which licenses using Hubbard's management doctrines, and distributes directories of WISE-affiliated businesses. WISE requires those who want to end up being Hubbard management consults to finish training in Hubbard's administrative systems; this training can be carried out at any Church of Scientology, or at one of the schools of the Hubbard College of Administration, which offers a Partner of Applied Science Degree.
This section needs expansion. You can help by including to it. In order to assist in the ongoing growth of Scientology, the Church has actually made efforts to win allies in the kind of powerful or reputable individuals. Perth Scientology. Though it has achieved some reliability as a religious beliefs in many countries, Scientology has actually likewise been explained as both a cult and a company.
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For example, it has actually been noted to engage in harassment and abuse of civil courts to silence its critics, by recognizing as Fair Game individuals it perceives as its enemies. In 1979, numerous Scientology members were convicted for their participation in the church's Operation Snow White, the largest theft of government documents in U.S.
Scientologists were also convicted of scams, murder and damaging witnesses in French cases, malicious libel against lawyer Casey Hill and espionage in Canada. In his book World Religions in America, spiritual scholar Jacob Neusner mentions that Scientology's "high level of visibility" may be viewed as "threatening to developed social institutions".
From 1952 until 1966, Scientology was administered by an organization called the Hubbard Association of Scientologists (HAS), established in Arizona on September 10, 1952. In 1954, the HAS became the HASI (HAS International). The Church of Scientology was included in California on February 18, 1954, changing its name to "The Church of Scientology of California" (CSC) in 1956.
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In 1967, the Internal Revenue Service removed all US-based Scientology entities of their tax exemption, declaring Scientology's activities were commercial and operated for the advantage of Hubbard. Controversy followed the church on those years, however its development continued in the 1960s. New churches were formed in Paris (1959 ), Denmark (1968 ), Sweden (1969 ), and Germany (1970 ).
Centers of Scientology were in 52 nations by the time the 80s was available in and grew to 74 by 1992. The church took legal action against and lost original site consistently for 26 years trying to restore its tax-exempt status. The case was ultimately settled in 1993, at which time the church paid $12. 5 million to the IRSgreatly less than IRS had actually initially demandedand the IRS recognized the church as a tax-exempt not-for-profit company.
Scientology cites its tax exemption as proof the United States federal government accepts it as a religion. In January 2009, removal of the tax exemption was ranked as number 9 in items for the incoming Barack Obama administration to examine, as determined in a web survey run by the presidential shift team getting public input for the incoming administration.
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Ron Hubbard selected Mary Sue Hubbard to take control of particular aspects of legal protection for the CoS in 1968 and the Office of The Guardian was produced with its head office located at Saint Hill Manor - Scientology Perth. Under The Guardian's Office (later renamed the Workplace of Special Affairs or OSA), Church members and contracted personnel from check here Bureau One later arranged and devoted among the largest penetration of United States federal agencies ever committed by an organization not associated with a foreign federal government (that is, one such as the KGB).
In the trial which followed the discovery of these activities the prosecution described their actions as such: The criminal offense committed by these defendants is of a breadth and scope formerly unprecedented. No building, office, desk, or file was safe from their sleuthing and spying. No individual or organization was devoid of their despicable conspiratorial minds.
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The Church has also in the past made usage of aggressive methods in dealing with those it sees as attempting to suppress them, referred to as Suppressive Persons (SPs) first described by Hubbard as part of a policy called level playing field. Perth Scientology. It was under this policy check this that Paulette Cooper was targeted for having authored, a 1970 expos book about the Church and its founder.
Utilizing blank paper known to have actually been dealt with by Cooper, Scientologists created bomb hazards in her name. When fingerprints on them matched hers, the Justice Department started prosecution, which might have sent Cooper to prison for a lengthy term. The Church's strategy was discovered at the exact same time as its Operation Snow White actions were exposed.